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<title>Xiphoid process</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xiphoid process</span></span>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:whitesmoke">Xiphoid process</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Position of the xiphoid process (shown in red)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Posterior surface of sternum. (Xiphoid process labeled at bottom.)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>processus xiphoideus</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D014989">D014989</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/02.3.03.007%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A02.3.03.007</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=1135">1135</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7488">7488</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="Anatomical_terms_of_bone" title="Anatomical terms of bone">Anatomical terms of bone</a><div style="text-align: right;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>xiphoid process</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</span></span>), also referred to as the <b>ensiform process</b>, <b>xiphisternum</b>, or <b>metasternum</b>, constitutes a small <a href="Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilaginous</a> <a href="Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">process</a> (extension) located in the inferior segment of the <a href="Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>, typically <a href="Ossification" title="Ossification">ossified</a> in adult humans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Greek-derived term <i>xiphoid</i> and its Latin equivalent, <i>ensiform</i>, connote a "swordlike" or "sword-shaped" morphology.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

<p>The xiphoid process is anatomically situated at the level of the 9th <a href="Thoracic_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic vertebra">thoracic vertebra</a> (T9) and corresponds to the T7 <a href="Dermatome_(anatomy)" title="Dermatome (anatomy)">dermatome</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3></div>

<p>In neonates and young infants, particularly smaller infants, the tip of the xiphoid process may be seen as a palpable lump situated just below the sternal notch. Between the ages of 15 and 29, the xiphoid process typically undergoes fusion with the body of the sternum through a <a href="Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">fibrous joint</a>. Unlike the <a href="Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial articulation</a> of major joints, this joint does not permit movement. Ossification of the xiphoid process typically occurs around the age of 40.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation">Variation</h3></div>

<p>The xiphoid process may exhibit natural <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bifurcation" class="extiw external" title="wikt:bifurcation">bifurcation</a> or, in some instances, perforation (referred to as a xiphoidal foramen).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These morphological variations are <a href="Heredity" title="Heredity">hereditary</a>, which can facilitate the categorization of family members when addressing burial remains. These morphological differences carry no health implications; they simply represent variances in form.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h3></div>

<p>In birds, the xiphoid process is an elongated structure, often following the direction of the <a href="Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keel</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2></div>

<p>Similar to how the first seven <a href="Ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribs">ribs</a> articulate with the sternum, the cartilage within the <a href="Celiac_plexus" title="Celiac plexus">celiac plexus</a> attaches to the xiphoid process, reinforcing it, and indirectly connecting the <a href="Costal_cartilage" title="Costal cartilage">costal cartilage</a> to the sternum. The xiphoid process plays a role in the attachment of many muscles, including the <a href="Abdominal_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal diaphragm">abdominal diaphragm</a>, a muscle necessary for normal breathing. Additionally, it serves as an attachment point for the <a href="Rectus_abdominis_muscle" title="Rectus abdominis muscle">rectus abdominis muscles</a>, commonly known as the "abs."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2></div>

<p>During chest compressions in <a href="Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (CPR), it is possible to fracture or dislodge the xiphoid process, potentially leading to punctures or lacerations of the <a href="Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. Furthermore, inadvertent liver puncture resulting in life-threatening internal bleeding can occur.

</p><p><a href="Xiphodynia" title="Xiphodynia">Xiphoidalgia</a> (xiphodynia) represents a distinctive <a href="Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a> characterized by sternum-related pain and tenderness. While some sources categorize this disorder as uncommon, others suggest it may be relatively prevalent but overlooked by medical professionals. Xiphoidalgia is a musculoskeletal ailment capable of producing an array of symptoms that may mimic various common abdominal and thoracic disorders and diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Symptoms associated with xiphoidalgia may include abdominal pain, chest discomfort, nausea, and radiating pain extending to the back, neck, and shoulders. Activities such as lifting heavy objects or chest trauma may precipitate this musculoskeletal ailment, and symptoms may intensify with bending or twisting. Common therapeutic approaches include anesthetic and steroid injections.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest documented case dates back to 1712.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC2045657_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC2045657-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Beyond age 40, individuals may become aware of their partially ossified xiphoid process and potentially misinterpret it as an abnormality.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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In the context of <a href="Pericardiocentesis" title="Pericardiocentesis">pericardiocentesis</a>, a medical procedure involving the aspiration of fluid from the <a href="Pericardium" title="Pericardium">pericardium</a> of the heart, the xiphoid process often serves as an <a href="Anatomical_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical landmark">anatomical landmark</a> for guiding the procedure.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

<p>The term <i>xiphoid</i> originates from the Greek word <i><a href="Xiphos" title="Xiphos">xiphos</a></i>, which means 'straight sword', bearing a resemblance to the process's tip. The Latin equivalent, <i>processus xiphoides</i>, translates to the xiphoid process.<sup id="cite_ref-Siebenhaar1850_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siebenhaar1850-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Triepel1910b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Triepel1910b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writings of the Greek physician <a href="Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a> refer to <i>Os xyphoides</i>, a translation of the Greek phrase ξιφοειδές ὀστοῦν.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this context, <i>os</i> in <a href="Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> and ὀστοῦν in <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> both denote 'bone', while ξιφοειδές signifies 'sword-shaped'.<sup id="cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Additional_images">Additional images</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Position of xiphoid process (shown in red)</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Close up.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Shape of a xiphoid process (animation)</div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMuscolino2008" class="citation book cs1">Muscolino, Joseph E. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-C07_fNiYsC&q=Xiphoid+process"><i>The Muscle and Bone Palpation Manual with Trigger Points, Referral Patterns and Stretching</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 104. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0323051712</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_Clinically_Oriented_Anatomy_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2013" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Keith L. (13 February 2013). <i>Moore Clinically Oriented Anatomy</i> (7 ed.). LWW. p. 84. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781451119459</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYekelerTunaciTunaciDursun2006" class="citation journal cs1">Yekeler, Ensar; Tunaci, Mehtap; Tunaci, Atadan; Dursun, Memduh; Acunas, Gulden (2006). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajronline.org/doi/10.2214/AJR.04.1779">"Frequency of Sternal Variations and Anomalies Evaluated by MDCT"</a></span>. <i>American Journal of Roentgenology</i>. <b>186</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">956–</span>960. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2214%2FAJR.04.1779">10.2214/AJR.04.1779</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-803X">0361-803X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16554563">16554563</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlicker.com/984-xiphoid-process-pain">"Xiphoid process pain (Xiphoidalgia): the ultimate guide"</a>. <i>medlicker.com</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213025042/http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/uptodate/coronary%20heart%20disease/evaluation/major%20causes%20of%20musculoskeletal%20chest%20pain.htm">"Major causes of musculoskeletal chest pain"</a>. <i>cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmbi.bjmu.edu.cn/uptodate/coronary%20heart%20disease/evaluation/major%20causes%20of%20musculoskeletal%20chest%20pain.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2010.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-PMC2045657-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PMC2045657_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonHawken2007" class="citation journal cs1">Simpson, JK; Hawken, E (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045657">"Xiphodynia: a diagnostic conundrum"</a>. <i>Chiropr Osteopat</i>. <b>15</b>: 13. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1746-1340-15-13">10.1186/1746-1340-15-13</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2045657">2045657</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17868466">17868466</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSamJames_T.H._Teo2010" class="citation book cs1">Sam, Amir H.; James T.H. Teo (September 2010). <i>Rapid Medicine</i>. <a href="Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4051-8323-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Siebenhaar1850-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siebenhaar1850_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siebenhaar, F.J. (1850). <i>Terminologisches Wörterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften.</i> (Zweite Auflage). Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Triepel1910b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Triepel1910b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Triepel, H. (1910). <i>Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.</i>(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Liddell_&_Scott-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liddell_&_Scott_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). <i>A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.</i> Oxford: Clarendon Press.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Xiphoid_processes" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Xiphoid processes">Xiphoid processes</a></span>.</div></div>

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</style><div id="Bones_of_the_torso49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Bone" title="Bone">Bones</a> of the <a href="Torso" title="Torso">torso</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vertebra" title="Vertebra">Vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pedicle_of_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicle of vertebral arch">pedicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Lamina_of_the_vertebral_arch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamina of the vertebral arch">lamina</a></li>

<li><a href="Vertebral_notch" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral notch">notch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vertebral_foramen" title="Vertebral foramen">Vertebral foramen</a></li>

<li><a href="Intervertebral_foramen" title="Intervertebral foramen">Intervertebral foramen</a></li>

<li><i>Processes</i>

<ul><li><a href="Transverse_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse processes">transverse</a></li>

<li><a href="Articular_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Articular processes">articular</a></li>

<li><a href="Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Spinal_canal" title="Spinal canal">Spinal canal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">Cervical vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li>

<li><a href="Transverse_foramen" class="mw-redirect" title="Transverse foramen">Transverse foramen</a></li>

<li><a href="Anterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Anterior tubercle</a></li>

<li><a href="Carotid_tubercle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid tubercle">Carotid tubercle</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_tubercle_of_cervical_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior tubercle of cervical vertebra">Posterior tubercle</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">Atlas</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lateral_mass_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral mass of atlas">lateral mass</a></li>

<li><a href="Anterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior arch of atlas">anterior arch</a></li>

<li><a href="Posterior_arch_of_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior arch of atlas">posterior arch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vertebra_prominens" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra prominens">Vertebra prominens</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">Thoracic vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Costal_facet" title="Costal facet">Costal facets</a>

<ul><li><a href="Superior_costal_facet" title="Superior costal facet">superior</a></li>

<li><a href="Inferior_costal_facet" title="Inferior costal facet">inferior</a></li>

<li><a href="Transverse_costal_facet" title="Transverse costal facet">transverse</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Uncinate_process_of_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncinate process of vertebra">Uncinate process of vertebra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">Lumbar vertebrae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i>Processes</i>

<ul><li><a href="Accessory_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory process">accessory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mammillary_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammillary process">mammillary</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sacral_promontory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral promontory">sacral promontory</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ala_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala of sacrum">Ala of sacrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral surface of sacrum">Lateral surface</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sacral_tuberosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral tuberosity">sacral tuberosity</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pelvic_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic surface of sacrum">Pelvic surface</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior sacral foramina">anterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dorsal_surface_of_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal surface of sacrum">Dorsal surface</a>

<ul><li><a href="Posterior_sacral_foramina" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior sacral foramina">posterior sacral foramina</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Median_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Median sacral crest">Median sacral crest</a></li>

<li><a href="Medial_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial sacral crest">Medial sacral crest</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_sacral_crest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral sacral crest">Lateral sacral crest</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacral_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral canal">Sacral canal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sacral_hiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacral hiatus">sacral hiatus</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coccyx" title="Coccyx">Coccyx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">Rib cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="False_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="False ribs">false ribs</a></li>

<li><a href="Floating_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating ribs">floating ribs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i>Parts</i>

<ul><li><a href="Angle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angle (rib)">angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tubercle_(rib)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubercle (rib)">tubercle</a></li>

<li><a href="Costal_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal groove">costal groove</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Human_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Human sternum">Sternum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Suprasternal_notch" title="Suprasternal notch">Suprasternal notch</a></li>

<li><a href="Manubrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Manubrium">Manubrium</a></li>

<li><a href="Sternal_angle" title="Sternal angle">Sternal angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Body_of_sternum" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of sternum">Body of sternum</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiphisternal_joint" title="Xiphisternal joint">Xiphisternal joint</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thoracic_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic cage">Thoracic cage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Superior_thoracic_aperture" title="Superior thoracic aperture">Superior thoracic aperture</a></li>

<li><a href="Intercostal_space" title="Intercostal space">Intercostal space</a></li>

<li><a href="Costal_margin" title="Costal margin">Costal margin</a></li>

<li><a href="Infrasternal_angle" title="Infrasternal angle">Infrasternal angle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox574" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Authority control databases </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/wikidata-externalid-url/?p=1323&url_prefix=https:%2F%2Fwww.unifr.ch%2Fifaa%2FPublic%2FEntryPage%2FTA98%20Tree%2FEntity%20TA98%20EN%2F&url_suffix=%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm&id=A02.3.03.007">Terminologia Anatomica</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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